The opioid crisis has long been recognised for its devastating impact on communities, with fentanyl-related deaths often capturing headlines. However, a “hidden” epidemic exists that receives far less attention: the brain injuries resulting from non-fatal overdoses. This aspect of the crisis has profound implications for individuals and society, as highlighted in recent reports from the Ottawa Citizen.
The Prevalence of Brain Injuries
Rob Boyd, CEO of Ottawa Inner City Health, underscores the significant impact of hypoxic brain injuries among drug users. These injuries occur when an overdose deprives the brain of oxygen, potentially causing damage within minutes. In Canada, while the precise number of affected individuals remains unknown, the effects are visible on city streets, where social disorder has intensified.
In the United States, research indicates that there are approximately 15 non-fatal overdoses for every fatal one. Applying this ratio to Canada suggests over 650,000 non-fatal overdoses since 2016. Each overdose carries the risk of brain injury, especially without timely intervention using Naloxone, a life-saving medication.
Impact on Individuals and Society
Hypoxic brain injuries can severely impair cognitive functions, affecting attention, memory, motor coordination, and emotional regulation. Such impairments exacerbate mental health issues and addiction, creating a vicious cycle for affected individuals. As Boyd notes, these brain injuries hinder recovery prospects, making it challenging for individuals to manage day-to-day activities or adhere to treatment plans.
The situation is further complicated by the high prevalence of brain injuries among the homeless population, often due to past assaults or accidents. In Ottawa, the crisis is evident in erratic behaviours, such as public drug use, which distress communities and reflect the broader societal impact.
Challenges in Addressing the Epidemic
Efforts to address the opioid crisis have primarily focused on harm reduction measures, including supervised injection sites and the distribution of Naloxone kits. These initiatives aim to save lives, with Ottawa’s supervised injection sites reversing thousands of overdoses annually. However, Premier Doug Ford’s plan to eliminate several of these sites raises concerns about increased brain damage incidence due to isolated drug use.
Despite these efforts, the prevalence of brain injuries among drug users remains under-recognised. Studies, such as one conducted in British Columbia, found that overdose victims are 15 times more likely to be diagnosed with encephalopathy, a type of brain damage. Yet, many affected individuals do not receive a hospital diagnosis, indicating a potential underestimation of the problem.
Long-Term Care and Support Needs
Hypoxic brain injuries often necessitate long-term care and support, challenging existing models like the Housing First philosophy, which aims to provide stable housing to individuals with addiction issues. For many with severe brain injuries, independent living is not feasible, requiring supportive housing or long-term care.
British Columbia’s Premier David Eby has proposed opening rehab facilities for involuntary care under the Mental Health Act, recognising the need for tailored support for brain-injured individuals with severe addictions. This approach highlights the evolving understanding of the crisis and the requirement for comprehensive care solutions.
Source: Ottawa Citizen
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