Marijuana, also known as cannabis, has a wide range of effects on the human body. As its use becomes more prevalent and legalised in various regions, understanding these effects is crucial for both medical professionals and users. The psychoactive component, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), and other cannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system to produce various physical and psychological effects.

Immediate Effects on the Brain

One of the most immediate effects of marijuana use occurs in the brain. THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream and then to the brain, leading to the “high” sensation associated with marijuana use. This can result in altered senses, changes in mood, impaired body movement, difficulty with thinking and problem-solving, and impaired memory. These effects can start within minutes and may last for several hours depending on the method of use and individual tolerance.

Impact on the Respiratory System

Smoking marijuana can have significant effects on the respiratory system. Similar to tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke contains harmful chemicals that can irritate the airways and lungs. Chronic marijuana smokers may experience bronchitis-like symptoms, including chronic cough and phlegm production. Additionally, the act of inhaling deeply and holding one’s breath with marijuana smoke can increase exposure to tar and other carcinogens.

Cardiovascular Effects

Marijuana use can also affect the cardiovascular system. It leads to an increased heart rate, which can last for up to three hours after smoking. This heightened heart rate can be particularly concerning for individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, as it increases the risk of heart attack. Additionally, marijuana can cause blood vessels to expand, leading to red eyes and a drop in blood pressure.

Effects on the Digestive System

The gastrointestinal system is not immune to the effects of marijuana. Users often experience an increased appetite, commonly referred to as “the munchies.” This effect is due to the interaction between cannabinoids and the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates hunger. However, chronic use can lead to a condition known as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, characterised by severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Mental Health Considerations

Long-term marijuana use has been linked to various mental health issues. Some users may develop anxiety, paranoia, or panic attacks, especially with higher doses. There is also evidence suggesting that marijuana use can exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in susceptible individuals. Long-term use has been associated with addiction, cognitive impairment, and reduced IQ in adolescents.

Reproductive System Effects

Marijuana can also influence the reproductive system. In males, it may reduce sperm count and motility, potentially affecting fertility. In females, marijuana use can disrupt the menstrual cycle and may impact fertility. Additionally, if used during pregnancy, THC can cross the placenta, potentially affecting foetal development and leading to low birth weight or developmental issues.

Impact on Immune Function

The immune system may also be affected by marijuana use. Some studies suggest that cannabinoids may have immunosuppressive effects, impairing the body’s ability to fight infections. However, the exact implications of this interaction are not fully understood, and more research is needed to determine the long-term impact on immune health.

Source: WebMD